AVR Embedded Tutorial - Analog Write

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PWM Analog Write

An Atmega328 is used in this example.

Delay

A simple delay function used to slowly increase and decrease the brightness of the LEDs.

procedure sleep;
  var
    i : Int16;
  begin
    for i := 0 to 1999 do 
      asm 
        Nop  // No operation instruction to waste clock cycles
      end;
  end;

Example

In this example, the PWM frequency is set to be very slow, so that you can see the brightening and darkening of the LEDs. You can see that the analog output is actually modulated.

The following must be set:

• With DDRx, the PWM output must be set as an output.
• COMxx specifies the pins to run in PWM mode. The ATmega328 has 6 pins that can run in this mode. Each timer can operate two outputs.
• WGM activates the PWM output of the timer.
• TCCR0B is set to a clock of 1024, if you choose a smaller value, you will no longer see the LEDs flashing.
• OCR0 specifies the HIGL length of the modulation. 0 is off, 128 is the mean and 255 is the maximum.

  var
   i : integer;  // Loop counter
 begin
   // Configure PD5 and PD6 as outputs
   DDRD := %01100000;

   // Configure PD5 and PD6 in PWM mode
   TCCR0A := (%10 shl COM0A) or (%10 shl COM0B) or (1 shl WGM0);

   // Enable timer 0, clock / 1024
   TCCR0B := TCCR0B or %101;

   // Main loop that continuously makes the LEDs brighter and darker
   repeat
     for i := 0 to 255 do 
       begin
         OCR0A := i;
         OCR0B := 255 - i;
         sleep;
     end;

     for i := 0 to 255 do 
       begin
         OCR0A := 255 - i;
         OCR0B := i;
         sleep;
       end;
   until False;
 end.

Pitfalls

  Note: Since PWM is controlled by a timer, there may be overlaps with the timer functions.

For information on the timer functions, see the Timer, Counter tutorial.

See also

• AVR Embedded Tutorials - Overview